Squat or ScrumTruk: which is best for quadriceps training for athletes?

**3XL** · do 21 jun 2007, 20:04

Squat or ScrumTruk: which is best for quadriceps training for athletes?

by Bruce Ross, CEO, MyoQuip Pty Ltd (December 2004)

A 1978 report of research by McLaughlin, Lardner & Dillman, titled "Kinetics of the parallel squat," suggests that there are deficiencies in the squat as an exercise for developing quadriceps strength. I suggest that the ScrumTruk may be a more efficient apparatus for this purpose.

McLaughlin and his colleagues investigated torques and joint forces generated during the parallel squat by studying nationally-ranked and world-class powerlifters competing at the U.S. Senior National A.A.U. Powerlifting Championships. Although now very dated, the study is important given that, as with other complex joint movements, the study of the kinetics of the squat exercise has been virtually neglected. The research involved a cinematographic analysis to calculate joint forces and muscular torques for the shank, thigh and trunk, i.e., at the ankle, knee and hip joints, respectively.

Subjects were classified as world-class, high-skilled or less-skilled. This delineation of ability was used in order to isolate trends in technique. It was assumed that the most-skilled subjects “would exhibit efficient patterns of performance,” so that they were, in effect, used as a reference group in assessing the performance of those in the other subgroups. By comparing the techniques of lifters in each group, the researchers hoped to identify possible general trends in performance for individuals relatively unskilled in the squat.

Figure 1 is a schematic of the squat movement reproduced from the article, indicating the points at which the muscular torques were computed and the muscle groups involved.

Technique differences between highly-skilled and less-skilled lifters

Previous studies by McLaughlin alone and by the three authors jointly (McLaughlin, 1975; McLaughlin, Dillman & Lardner, 1977) had found that less-skilled subjects “leaned forward more and moved the knees frontward to a greater extent during the descent, and ... moved the hips backward more in the early ascent while also increasing trunk lean." The degree of forward lean during the lift appears to increase the torque for the trunk extensors and reduce those of the thigh extensors.

The 1978 study confirmed these findings. One of its major observations was “a general trend for the high-skilled subjects to exhibit more extensor-dominant thigh torques than the less skilled." In particular, the three world-class subjects had the greatest extensor-dominant thigh torques.

With respect to trunk torque, it was noted that it "increased linearly the more a subject’s trunk angle decreased.” The angle referred to was that between the trunk and the horizontal at the hip joint. The 1977 study found the mean trunk angles to be smaller for less-skilled subjects than for the high-skilled. The most recent study verified the related trend for less-skilled subjects to exhibit greater trunk torques than more highly-skilled subjects. "It would appear from the data that high-skilled subjects attempt to minimize the trunk torque, and do so largely by reducing forward trunk lean." It was noted that among the subjects, the then world super heavy weight champion maintained the greatest trunk angle of all subjects and, despite his much greater bar load, had a lower trunk torque than many smaller, less-skilled subjects.

It was suggested that the magnitudes for trunk torque greatly affect the magnitude and dominance of the thigh torque values. As mentioned above, the high-skilled subjects demonstrate larger trunk angles, lower trunk torques and more extensor-dominant thigh torques. "It therefore appears that the high-skilled subjects strive to use the leg extensors to a greater extent than do less skilled subjects. This greater emphasis on the leg extensors is obtained by a minimization of the trunk torques by the high-skilled subjects (achieved by maintaining more erect trunk positions)."

Implications of the study results

Although the parallel squat has been generally regarded as primarily a leg-extensor activity, the results of this study show that trunk extensors play a very significant and perhaps even a dominant role. The muscular torques for the trunk extensors were found to be substantially greater than the thigh and shank torques across a wide range of trunk-angle positions.

The authors conclude that the widespread recommendation of the squat as one of the primary exercises for developing quadriceps needs to be altered in the light of their findings. Those recommending the exercise primarily for quadriceps development should either ensure that a high trunk angle is maintained or suggest other exercises that more directly involve the quadriceps.

In practice, of course, given the observed tendency of inexperienced lifters to move their hips backwards and lean forward more when coping with heavy loads, it is unlikely that the squat is a generally effective exercise for development of the quadriceps group.

"For rugby players, who usually have inexpert technique in the squat, the ScrumTruk appears to be a much more efficient vehicle for developing and strengthening the quadriceps."

Is the ScrumTruk a useful alternative?

At the low point of the squat movement, the exerciser has completed the eccentric or lowering phase and is switching to the concentric or rising phase. This is occurring in a region of high mechanical disadvantage. At this point the injunction to keep the hips forward and the trunk near upright is unlikely to be followed if a relatively inexperienced lifter is struggling with a near-limit weight and worried about the implications of failure.

The corresponding scenario with the ScrumTruk involves the exerciser allowing the push truck to roll back towards them in the eccentric phase then generating the shove for the concentric or pushing phase. If they are not confident about coping with the weight they can simply allow the push truck to come to rest against the bumper stops. They have no need for a spotter to take some of the load.

Even more importantly, the horizontal trunk position adopted with the ScrumTruk is intuitive, comfortable and involves no strain on the lumbar spine. Athletes find no difficulty in maintaining a horizontal trunk throughout a set of repetitions.

Figures 2 and 3 provide a comparison of the orientation of the trunk relative to the direction of weight force for the squat and ScrumTruk respectively. In Figure 2 it is obvious that there is quite a long moment arm from the fulcrum point at the hip joint to the vertical line of force from the weight bar. This moment arm increases as the trunk angle decreases and the hips are moved back.

The exerciser in Figure 3 is in the typical starting point for pushing the ScrumTruk. The included angles for both hip and knee joints are approximately 90°. It can be seen that the moment arm from the hip joint to the horizontal weight force is negligible.

Range of movement

In scrummaging the conventional range of movement in terms of included angles for both hip and knee joints is 90° to 130-40°. This relationship is readily replicated using the ScrumTruk. Further, when the exercise range is extended to “lock-out” or full extension, hip and knee joints basically move in unison from 90° to 180°. Thus the hip and knee extensors share more or less equally the distribution of the load, with the result that the quadriceps group, as knee extensors, are fully engaged.

As noted, there is the tendency with the squat for excessive trunk lean. To the extent that this occurs, at the lowest point of the squat the included angle at the hip joint is significantly less than that at the knee joint. Consequently, rising to “lock-out” or 180° extension involves a much greater range of angular movement for the trunk than the thighs. Crucially, observation of actual lifters suggests that much of this greater relative movement tends to occur when the lifter is moving from a horizontal thigh position through the "sticking point," which McLaughlin and his colleagues estimated at around 30° above horizontal. Thus the trunk extensors, principally the gluteus maximus, bear the bulk of the serious loading while the quadriceps is not fully taxed.

Given that the ScrumTruk is a very recent invention which is just coming out of the development stage, there have not yet been any systematic studies of its operation or effects. However, the most common observation from players in Sydney University Football Club’s Elite Development Squad who have been making extensive use of the ScrumTruk in out-of-season training, is a very definite “pump” or “burn” in the quadriceps when performing heavy sets. When queried, they report no similar effect from the squat which they are simultaneously performing.

Conclusion

For rugby players, who usually have inexpert technique in the squat, the ScrumTruk appears to be a much more efficient vehicle for developing and strengthening the quadriceps.

Given its ease, comfort and efficiency of use, the ScrumTruk is likely to offer similar advantages over the squat for athletes in other sports or for other people pursuing strength and fitness. Its use is certainly indicated where there is a history of back or knee problems or where the person’s limb geometry makes it difficult to maintain good form in the squat.

References

McLaughlin, T.M. A kinematic analysis of the parallel squat as performed in competition by national and world class powerlifters. Microform Publications. Eugene: University of Oregon, College of Health, Physical Education and Recreation 1975

McLaughlin, T.M., Dillman, C.J. & Lardner, T.J. A kinematic model of performance in the parallel squat by champion powerlifters. Medicine and Science in Sports, 9, 128-33 1977

McLaughlin, T.M., Lardner, T.J. & Dillman, C.J. Kinetics of the parallel squat. The Research Quarterly, 49, 173-89. 1978

**Ryu** · do 21 jun 2007, 21:16

Interessant, maar welke oefeningen zijn hiervoor haalbaar in de sportschool. Het is nou niet dat ik een vrachtwagen in mijn achtertuin heb die ik naar voren kan trekken aan een touw.

**Sephirothsnake** · do 21 jun 2007, 21:20

Citaat:

Origineel gepost door Ryu

Interessant, maar welke oefeningen zijn hiervoor haalbaar in de sportschool. Het is nou niet dat ik een vrachtwagen in mijn achtertuin heb die ik naar voren kan trekken aan een touw.

gooi een touw om Roxxe zijn nek

Idd je hebt een punt.

We hebben in onze gym wel een horizontale squat machine... maar dat is nog iets anders denk ik

**Maiskorrel** · do 21 jun 2007, 23:01

Citaat:

Origineel gepost door Sephirothsnake

gooi een touw om Roxxe zijn nek

Idd je hebt een punt.

We hebben in onze gym wel een horizontale squat machine... maar dat is nog iets anders denk ik

Foto

Of bedoel je een leg pres

Marijn · vr 22 jun 2007, 10:45

Hij bedoelt een liggende hack squat volgens mij.

AlexT · vr 22 jun 2007, 18:07

Kan een machine zijn, maar bij ons op de club hadden ze gewoon een enorme slee met shoulders pads waar je dus ook een scrum op kon simmuleren, evt verzwaren met tegels.

**Sephirothsnake** · vr 22 jun 2007, 18:15

Citaat:

Origineel gepost door Marijn

Hij bedoelt een liggende hack squat volgens mij.

yep

mhr team · vr 22 jun 2007, 18:15

Citaat:

Origineel gepost door Marijn

Hij bedoelt een liggende hack squat volgens mij.

idd , zo 1 is het ong.

do 21 jun 2007, 20:04	#1
3XL Super Moderator Aangemeld: apr 2002 Locatie: افغانستان Geslacht: M Posts: 13.698 Stats: Karma:	Squat or ScrumTruk: which is best for quadriceps training for athletes? Squat or ScrumTruk: which is best for quadriceps training for athletes? by Bruce Ross, CEO, MyoQuip Pty Ltd (December 2004) A 1978 report of research by McLaughlin, Lardner & Dillman, titled "Kinetics of the parallel squat," suggests that there are deficiencies in the squat as an exercise for developing quadriceps strength. I suggest that the ScrumTruk may be a more efficient apparatus for this purpose. McLaughlin and his colleagues investigated torques and joint forces generated during the parallel squat by studying nationally-ranked and world-class powerlifters competing at the U.S. Senior National A.A.U. Powerlifting Championships. Although now very dated, the study is important given that, as with other complex joint movements, the study of the kinetics of the squat exercise has been virtually neglected. The research involved a cinematographic analysis to calculate joint forces and muscular torques for the shank, thigh and trunk, i.e., at the ankle, knee and hip joints, respectively. Subjects were classified as world-class, high-skilled or less-skilled. This delineation of ability was used in order to isolate trends in technique. It was assumed that the most-skilled subjects “would exhibit efficient patterns of performance,” so that they were, in effect, used as a reference group in assessing the performance of those in the other subgroups. By comparing the techniques of lifters in each group, the researchers hoped to identify possible general trends in performance for individuals relatively unskilled in the squat. Figure 1 is a schematic of the squat movement reproduced from the article, indicating the points at which the muscular torques were computed and the muscle groups involved. Technique differences between highly-skilled and less-skilled lifters Previous studies by McLaughlin alone and by the three authors jointly (McLaughlin, 1975; McLaughlin, Dillman & Lardner, 1977) had found that less-skilled subjects “leaned forward more and moved the knees frontward to a greater extent during the descent, and ... moved the hips backward more in the early ascent while also increasing trunk lean." The degree of forward lean during the lift appears to increase the torque for the trunk extensors and reduce those of the thigh extensors. The 1978 study confirmed these findings. One of its major observations was “a general trend for the high-skilled subjects to exhibit more extensor-dominant thigh torques than the less skilled." In particular, the three world-class subjects had the greatest extensor-dominant thigh torques. With respect to trunk torque, it was noted that it "increased linearly the more a subject’s trunk angle decreased.” The angle referred to was that between the trunk and the horizontal at the hip joint. The 1977 study found the mean trunk angles to be smaller for less-skilled subjects than for the high-skilled. The most recent study verified the related trend for less-skilled subjects to exhibit greater trunk torques than more highly-skilled subjects. "It would appear from the data that high-skilled subjects attempt to minimize the trunk torque, and do so largely by reducing forward trunk lean." It was noted that among the subjects, the then world super heavy weight champion maintained the greatest trunk angle of all subjects and, despite his much greater bar load, had a lower trunk torque than many smaller, less-skilled subjects. It was suggested that the magnitudes for trunk torque greatly affect the magnitude and dominance of the thigh torque values. As mentioned above, the high-skilled subjects demonstrate larger trunk angles, lower trunk torques and more extensor-dominant thigh torques. "It therefore appears that the high-skilled subjects strive to use the leg extensors to a greater extent than do less skilled subjects. This greater emphasis on the leg extensors is obtained by a minimization of the trunk torques by the high-skilled subjects (achieved by maintaining more erect trunk positions)." Implications of the study results Although the parallel squat has been generally regarded as primarily a leg-extensor activity, the results of this study show that trunk extensors play a very significant and perhaps even a dominant role. The muscular torques for the trunk extensors were found to be substantially greater than the thigh and shank torques across a wide range of trunk-angle positions. The authors conclude that the widespread recommendation of the squat as one of the primary exercises for developing quadriceps needs to be altered in the light of their findings. Those recommending the exercise primarily for quadriceps development should either ensure that a high trunk angle is maintained or suggest other exercises that more directly involve the quadriceps. In practice, of course, given the observed tendency of inexperienced lifters to move their hips backwards and lean forward more when coping with heavy loads, it is unlikely that the squat is a generally effective exercise for development of the quadriceps group. "For rugby players, who usually have inexpert technique in the squat, the ScrumTruk appears to be a much more efficient vehicle for developing and strengthening the quadriceps." Is the ScrumTruk a useful alternative? At the low point of the squat movement, the exerciser has completed the eccentric or lowering phase and is switching to the concentric or rising phase. This is occurring in a region of high mechanical disadvantage. At this point the injunction to keep the hips forward and the trunk near upright is unlikely to be followed if a relatively inexperienced lifter is struggling with a near-limit weight and worried about the implications of failure. The corresponding scenario with the ScrumTruk involves the exerciser allowing the push truck to roll back towards them in the eccentric phase then generating the shove for the concentric or pushing phase. If they are not confident about coping with the weight they can simply allow the push truck to come to rest against the bumper stops. They have no need for a spotter to take some of the load. Even more importantly, the horizontal trunk position adopted with the ScrumTruk is intuitive, comfortable and involves no strain on the lumbar spine. Athletes find no difficulty in maintaining a horizontal trunk throughout a set of repetitions. Figures 2 and 3 provide a comparison of the orientation of the trunk relative to the direction of weight force for the squat and ScrumTruk respectively. In Figure 2 it is obvious that there is quite a long moment arm from the fulcrum point at the hip joint to the vertical line of force from the weight bar. This moment arm increases as the trunk angle decreases and the hips are moved back. The exerciser in Figure 3 is in the typical starting point for pushing the ScrumTruk. The included angles for both hip and knee joints are approximately 90°. It can be seen that the moment arm from the hip joint to the horizontal weight force is negligible. Range of movement In scrummaging the conventional range of movement in terms of included angles for both hip and knee joints is 90° to 130-40°. This relationship is readily replicated using the ScrumTruk. Further, when the exercise range is extended to “lock-out” or full extension, hip and knee joints basically move in unison from 90° to 180°. Thus the hip and knee extensors share more or less equally the distribution of the load, with the result that the quadriceps group, as knee extensors, are fully engaged. As noted, there is the tendency with the squat for excessive trunk lean. To the extent that this occurs, at the lowest point of the squat the included angle at the hip joint is significantly less than that at the knee joint. Consequently, rising to “lock-out” or 180° extension involves a much greater range of angular movement for the trunk than the thighs. Crucially, observation of actual lifters suggests that much of this greater relative movement tends to occur when the lifter is moving from a horizontal thigh position through the "sticking point," which McLaughlin and his colleagues estimated at around 30° above horizontal. Thus the trunk extensors, principally the gluteus maximus, bear the bulk of the serious loading while the quadriceps is not fully taxed. Given that the ScrumTruk is a very recent invention which is just coming out of the development stage, there have not yet been any systematic studies of its operation or effects. However, the most common observation from players in Sydney University Football Club’s Elite Development Squad who have been making extensive use of the ScrumTruk in out-of-season training, is a very definite “pump” or “burn” in the quadriceps when performing heavy sets. When queried, they report no similar effect from the squat which they are simultaneously performing. Conclusion For rugby players, who usually have inexpert technique in the squat, the ScrumTruk appears to be a much more efficient vehicle for developing and strengthening the quadriceps. Given its ease, comfort and efficiency of use, the ScrumTruk is likely to offer similar advantages over the squat for athletes in other sports or for other people pursuing strength and fitness. Its use is certainly indicated where there is a history of back or knee problems or where the person’s limb geometry makes it difficult to maintain good form in the squat. References McLaughlin, T.M. A kinematic analysis of the parallel squat as performed in competition by national and world class powerlifters. Microform Publications. Eugene: University of Oregon, College of Health, Physical Education and Recreation 1975 McLaughlin, T.M., Dillman, C.J. & Lardner, T.J. A kinematic model of performance in the parallel squat by champion powerlifters. Medicine and Science in Sports, 9, 128-33 1977 McLaughlin, T.M., Lardner, T.J. & Dillman, C.J. Kinetics of the parallel squat. The Research Quarterly, 49, 173-89. 1978 __________________ As you are now, I once was. As I am now, you'll never be ©3XL ®2000 The only easy day was yesterday...............Life is hard, so am I Geloof niets, probeer alles

do 21 jun 2007, 21:16	#2
Ryu Colossal Veteran Aangemeld: apr 2003 Locatie: .... Geslacht: M Posts: 14.219 Stats: - - - Karma:	Re: Squat or ScrumTruk: which is best for quadriceps training for athletes? Interessant, maar welke oefeningen zijn hiervoor haalbaar in de sportschool. Het is nou niet dat ik een vrachtwagen in mijn achtertuin heb die ik naar voren kan trekken aan een touw.

vr 22 jun 2007, 10:45	#5
Marijn Freaky Bodybuilder Aangemeld: jan 2005 Locatie: Nederland Leeftijd: 23 Geslacht: M Posts: 4.605 Stats: 1m76 82kg - Karma:	Re: Squat or ScrumTruk: which is best for quadriceps training for athletes? Hij bedoelt een liggende hack squat volgens mij. __________________ Benen moeten ook getraind worden, want dan lijkt je lul niet meer zo enorm groot. Dat schrikt af.

vr 22 jun 2007, 18:07	#6
AlexT Huge Freak Aangemeld: okt 2005 Locatie: Groningen Leeftijd: 18 Geslacht: M Posts: 8.421 Stats: Karma:	Re: Squat or ScrumTruk: which is best for quadriceps training for athletes? Kan een machine zijn, maar bij ons op de club hadden ze gewoon een enorme slee met shoulders pads waar je dus ook een scrum op kon simmuleren, evt verzwaren met tegels.